16 Oct pope pius xii biography
[170] Despite the early collapse of peace hopes, the Taylor mission continued at the Vatican.
Pope Pius XII's cause of canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council. Similar motives explain statements made in the immediate postwar period by Golda Meir and Moshe Sharett, foreign ministers of the new state of Israel. At their meeting, the Pope acknowledged the justice of punishing war criminals, but expressed a hope that the people of Italy would not be punished, preferring that they be made "full allies" in the remaining war effort. McGoldrick (2012) concludes that during the war: Pius XII had genuine affection for Germany, though not the criminal element into whose hands it had fallen; he feared Bolshevism, an ideology dedicated to the annihilation of the church of which he was head, but his sympathies lay with the Allies and the democracies, especially the United States, into whose war economy he had transferred and invested the Vatican's considerable assets.
Concurrently, a concordat established the validity of church marriage in Italy, provided compulsory religious instruction for Catholic schoolchildren, and declared Roman Catholicism to be Italy’s only religion of state. [89], There were 4,500 Mexican priests serving the Mexican people before the rebellion, in 1934, over 90% of them suffered persecution as only 334 priests were licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people. [94][95] After World War II, Pius XII appointed more non-Italians than any Pope before him.
"[5], Pius VIII also held three consistories in which he elevated a total of six men into the cardinalate. (Which is approximately in English: At the time when the highest Pius / approached God in the highest / He asked him: What have you got done? Five days later, moves began to dissolve the Catholic Youth League. Harcourt Brace. Hopefully, his account will replace the divisively harmful version of papal neglect, and even collaboration, that has held the field for far too long". It requires bishops throughout the Church to initiate biblical studies for lay people. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. [60], At the direction of Cardinal Innitzer, the churches of Vienna pealed their bells and flew swastikas for Hitler's arrival in the city on 14 March. With Italy not yet an ally of Hitler in the war, Italians were called upon to remain faithful to the Church. 28, 221, 413, 574, Communication, Father Robert Graham, SJ, 10 November 1992.
This is a family very much involved in the juridical offices of the Roman Curia. 349–350.
It was rumoured that immediately after the election, he decided to appoint Pietro Gasparri as his Cardinal Secretary of State. [19], By 1904 Pacelli received his doctorate.
Pius expressed support for the regime soon after Hitler's rise to power, "I have changed my mind about Hitler, it is for the first time that such a government voice has been raised to denounce bolshevism in such categorical terms, joining with the voice of the pope. "The Life & Pontificate of Pope Pius XII. [300] Pacepa indicated that he was involved in contacting eastern bloc agents close the Vatican in order to fabricate the story to be used for the attack against the wartime pope.
He equally encouraged historians and liturgiologists to study Eastern Christianity, inaugurating the work of codifying Eastern canon law. Pius wrote of a persecuted Church[160] and a time requiring "charity" for victims who had a "right" to compassion. On 22 January 1922, Pope Benedict XV died unexpectedly of pneumonia. After his election was indeed confirmed, he chose the name Pius XII in honour of his immediate predecessor. [136][137][138][139][140][141][142], Pius XII made two substantial interventions on the media. However, it was said that it could take up to a year to gather all the documents and then analyze them. 1986.
However, his opposition to modernist theology was by no means a rejection of new scholarship within the Church, as long as it was developed within the framework of orthodoxy and compatible with the Church's teachings. [143] Compared to his predecessor's teaching, the encyclical Miranda Prorsus (1957) shows a "high regard for the importance of cinema, television, and radio". The New York Times wrote that "The voice of Pius XII is a lonely voice in the silence and darkness enveloping Europe this Christmas. Pius XI's successor, Pius XII, who was not aware of the text before the death of his predecessor,[99] chose not to publish it. These documents include diplomatic correspondence, American espionage, and even decryptions of German communications.
His death less than two years after his election to the papacy has led to speculation of a possible murder. To bolster his own new regime, Benito Mussolini was also eager for an agreement. [21], In 1908, Pacelli served as a Vatican representative on the International Eucharistic Congress, accompanying Rafael Merry del Val[22] to London,[19] where he met Winston Churchill.
XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (March 2, 1876 – October 9, 1958), reigned as the 260th pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, and sovereign of Vatican City State from March 2, 1939 until his death. [8][9] His cousin, Ernesto Pacelli, was a key financial advisor to Pope Leo XIII; his father, Filippo Pacelli, a Franciscan tertiary,[10] was the dean of the Roman Rota; and his brother, Francesco Pacelli, became a lay canon lawyer and the legal advisor to Pope Pius XI, in which role he negotiated the Lateran Treaty in 1929 with Benito Mussolini, bringing an end to the Roman Question. A national concordat with Germany was one of Pacelli's main objectives as secretary of state, because he had hoped to strengthen the legal position of the Church.
[315] Other important works challenging the negative characterization of Pius's legacy were written by Eamon Duffy, Clifford Longley, Cardinal Winning, Michael Burleigh, Paul Johnson, and Denis Mack Smith. British Public Records Office FO 371/30175 57760. According to the terms of the treaty that was one of the agreed documents, Vatican City was given sovereignty as an independent nation in return for the Vatican relinquishing its claim to the former territories of the Papal States.
[125], To Pius XII, science and religion were heavenly sisters, different manifestations of divine exactness, who could not possibly contradict each other over the long term. In the summer of 1931 he clashed with Catholic chancellor Heinrich Bruning, who frankly told Pacelli he believed that he "misunderstood the political situation in Germany and the real character of the Nazis".
[172] According to Toland, Munich lawyer, Joseph Muller, made a clandestine trip to Rome in October 1939, met with Pius XII and found him willing to act as intermediary. In his encyclical Mediator Dei, Pius XII links liturgy with the last will of Jesus Christ. To denounce racism and anti-Semitism, Pius XI sought out the American Jesuit journalist John LaFarge and summoned him to Castel Gandolfo on 25 June 1938. Upon being elected pope he was also formally the Grand Master of the Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem, prefect of the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office, prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Oriental Churches and prefect of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation. Divini illius magistri ("That Divine Teacher") (1929) made clear the need for Christian over secular education.
The majority of the speech spoke generally about human rights and civil society; at the very end of the speech, Pius XII mentioned "the hundreds of thousands of persons who, without any fault on their part, sometimes only because of their nationality or race, have been consigned to death or to a slow decline".
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