landslide erosion

16 Oct landslide erosion

Landslides and debris flows could happen in areas where intense rainfall occurs.

Landslides are not just occurring on the steepest slopes, but over a large distribution of local slopes in the high-relief zone. Two types of classification methods, a decision tree classifier (DTC) and a maximum likelihood classifier (MLC), were applied to a Thematic Mapper image. However, both larger slides are still discernible. %PDF-1.5 %���� Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 235 pp. The largest subaerial (on land) landslide in Earth's recorded history was connected with the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens volcano in Washington state, USA. To start the lesson, students will think about the natural processes that move materials such as sand, soil and gravel, leading to a discussion about what they know about landslides and what causes them. D�Պ�m��I9�j��:���K�r���}#�v,׌e�/�xw�Z�`_E������-�,�T�)gDQ\�L�чn�/��ʗ�M9/�e?�����q��sw�Y�7(�����X���m˿��%����}�.�u{���TJ�:����ʧ;N������*���ci"A����%��S��~�L� xU� endstream endobj 151 0 obj <>stream Lithospheric evolution of the Andean fold-thrust belt, Bolivia, and the origin of the central Andean Plateau. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Landslide Hazards Program conducts landslide hazard assessments, pursues landslide investigations and forecasts, provides technical assistance to respond to landslide emergencies, and engages in outreach.

The Late Miocene conglomerate is presently being eroded and remobilized. While the problem may vary in terms of degree from one region to another, ruling out a landslide is something that is not quite a wise thing to do. Causes include factors that increase the effects of down-slope forces and factors that contribute to low or reduced strength. (please note, we can only provide the answer keys for "GPM Original" lesson plans). This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. The result is wearing off of the earth’s surface. 1997).

They will then relate that information to TRMM/GPM data about rainfall and areas currently at risk of suffering a landslide. Would you like to write for us?

Below the glaciated zone, the topography of the Yungas is rugged with narrow valley floors and sharp ridge crests that have average slopes of more than 33°. Also, the erosion rate estimates vary in the spatial extent over which they are integrated as well as temporally. Landslide or landslip can happen underwater which results to submarine landslides. 2006) in their “Eastern Cordillera” (including the Cordillera Real plus the western, higher-elevation part of our Yungas).

Figure 12 shows the 1964 and 1993 photographs. Students will then simulate landslides in trays, comparing how much precipitation causes a landslide in different materials (such as sand versus soil). Predication of slope failure using the estimated depth of the potential failure layer. We conclude that Simonett’s curve adequately represents the landslide area–volume relationship in the Yungas and is used to infer the volume for each landslide area measured from aerial photographs. Landslides are a type of "mass wasting," which denotes any down-slope movement of soil and rock under the direct influence of gravity. The landslide is thought to be among the largest in history. 1988; Guyot 1992; Guyot et al. After applying the factors of 0.67 and 0.53, the entire high-relief zone has a landslide scar-to-forest ratio of 4.0%–5.1%, which is almost identical to the Challana landslide map estimates.
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Simplified structural cross section showing the relationship between topography, structure, and precipitation within the Beni watershed in the Eastern Cordillera (modified from Masek et al. 1993). Erosion rates on the NE escarpment of the Eastern Cordillera, Bolivia derived from aerial photographs and thematic mapper images. Other methods used to measure erosion rates in the Central Andes mainly apply to the drier region of the south where slower rates are expected (Barnes and Pelletier 2006). What is the difference between a landslide advisory, a landslide watch, and a landslide warning? Debris Flows/Avalanches: Process, Recognition and Mitigation, J. E. Costa and G. F. Wiezcorek, Eds., Vol. Landsat TM image showing the main physiographic regions of northern Bolivia centered on the Eastern Cordillera. El Niño events are most often associated with lower lake levels and therefore less precipitation (Rowe and Dunbar 2004). Erosion rates determined from sediment load measurements (Aalto et al. The El Niño records over the last 467 yr indicate that moderate, severe, and very severe El Niño events occur about 17% of the time (Quinn et al. However, many of the rates at other stations in the high-relief zone were calculated to be much slower: SIR (TAM) at 2.8 mm yr−1 (0.95 mm yr−1). After calibrating the raw results with the Challana and tributary watershed estimates, a landslide area of 5.1%–6.2% for the entire high-relief zone was determined. The region covered by multitemporal photographs is outlined in blue. The term "landslide" encompasses five modes of slope movement: falls, topples, slides, spreads, and flows. Severe storms, earthquakes, volcanic activity, coastal wave attack, and wildfires can cause widespread slope instability. Slope creep or small, early-stage landslide movements can cause substantial structural damage to critical facilities such as dams and pipelines, potentially resulting in major economic damage and loss of life.

Without knowing the size of the entire landslide scar, it is difficult to associate a landslide volume with any given landslide pixel. In this zone, fluvial incision and hillslope landsliding are the dominant erosional processes. What is a landslide, and what causes them. Because bedrock is exposed in channels in this zone, we infer that the system is weathering limited rather than transport limited. If you don’t facilitate proper drainage of water, the chances are that the wall will come down with the entire slope after some time. A period of a decade or less is probably insufficient to capture the larger flood events, thus severely underestimating the average suspended load carried by the river over hundreds of years. Most of the present glaciers are too small to have much significant erosional consequence, but the former glaciers were much more extensive (Klein 1997). (Strub et al. The authors mapped landslide scars on multitemporal aerial photographs to estimate hillslope erosion rates. The study area is located in a part of the Bolivian Eastern Cordillera along the northeastern flank of the Central Andean Plateau. The “juvenile” scar corresponds to a mixture of herbs and saplings, which are the colonizers of the bare soil. Ten people were killed. Landslides can be fast or slow, wet or dry, small or large, shallow or deep, and reactivated or brand new. Quaternary Geology and Geomorphology of South America. Most landslides occur after heavy rainfall or rapid snow melt saturates soil. Based on the El Niño records, the number of landslides generated over the time period sampled is not likely to be unusually high because of atypical weather patterns. Because the streams have bedrock channels in many places, the fluvial system is considered weathering limited. New Landslide Guidebook for Puerto Rico Residents, Landslide Risks Highlighted in New Online Tool, Potential Landslide Paths and Implications for Tsunami Hazards in Glacier Bay, Alaska – An Initial Investigation, Five Years Later - The Oso (SR 530) Landslide in Washington, Huge landslide on California’s Big Sur coast continues to change, Coastal and Marine Hazards and Resources Program, Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, USGS maps, measures huge landslide on California's Big Sur coast, EarthView–Landslide Spreads 6 Miles Across Glacier Bay National Park, Earth Resources Observation and Science Center, Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center, El Nino May Trigger Landslides... USGS Map Indicates Susceptibility and Incidence of Landslides, Laser scanning the entire Cleveland Corral landslide. Debris flows are hazardous flows of rock, sediment and water that surge down mountain slopes and into adjacent valleys. River scour is riverbed erosion that typically occurs during periods of high flow, deepening river channels. Landslides are actually a very extreme, fast-acting method of erosion: They transfer sediment down a slope and deposit it at the end of their path. Buildings and infrastructure such as transportation facilities and pipelines located within the boundaries of a landslide or in the path of a landslide can be damaged or destroyed. In the main channel, the mass will be further weathered and abraded to smaller particles. Modern and late Pleistocene glacial studies in the central Andes of Peru and Bolivia. Temporal patterns of mass movements in the French Alps. However, all the methods are subject to a variety of sampling and interpretative problems, so that additional estimates of erosion rate with a different method are of great value. Paleoclimate evidence indicates much drier periods during the Late Pleistocene (Clapperton 1993). For the western flank of the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Hovius et al. Results for MLC produced the following landslide scar-to-forest ratios: Challana (6.3%), tributary (9.6%), and whole high-relief zone (7.6%). We then describe three distinct geomorphologic belts: glaciated zone, high-relief zone, and the sub-Andean zone. Assessment of landslide, slope failure, or erosion causation; Establishment of a history of previous ground movement; Modeling of movement initiation and travel paths; Determination of the relative contributions of multiple factors, including but not limited to, leaking utility lines, past grading, nearby construction, and rainfall Cumulatively, this persistent grain-by-grain movement can also cause significant damage.


Uplift of the central Andean plateau and bending of the Bolivian orocline. The erosion rates determined from this method are consistent with landslide erosion estimates in the New Zealand Southern Alps and with some sediment load measurements collected in the Beni headwaters.

Even land clearance for agricultural practices can cause landslides as the trees which hold the otherwise unstable soil together are cut in large numbers.

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